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According to Romans 9:6 "… not all who are descended from Israel are Israel."

The question arises: Who does Paul mean by the first "Israel" and who does Paul mean by the second "Israel"?

It is evident from the passage that "all who are descended from Israel" are all of Jacob’s physical descendants or as Romans 9:8 puts it "the natural children". So then the verse becomes "… not all who are the physical descendants of Jacob are Israel." Romans 9:8 contrasts "natural children" with "children of the promise" but equates "God’s children" with "Abraham’s offspring".

Since we have already stated that "natural children" is the same as the physical descendants of Jacob, we can say that the second Israel of Romans 9:6 are God’s children and Abraham’s offspring [both Jews and Gentiles].

According to Galatians 3:29, "If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise." Here we see that "seed" means "Christian". Similarly, John 1:12,13 teaches that "to those who believed in his name, he [Christ] gave the right to become children of God” ”children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a husband’s will, but born of God."

Note again the contrast of "natural descent" with "children of God" and "born of God". It is clear, then, that the second Israel of Romans 9:6 means those who belong to Christ, that is, the church [from the time of Adam forward - Jews and Gentiles].

- Andrew Wheatley (slightly modified)

The condition of Israel this day: They have no Temple; they have no high priest; they have lost the urim and thummim; they have no ephod; no way of communicating with God. Since they reject Christ, the only means of communication, they are shut off.

- B.H. Carroll

Paul was apparently afraid that the statement with respect to his great sorrow and unceasing anguish might be interpreted as if he meant that God’s word—his promise regarding Israel—had failed, his purpose frustrated. So the apostle explains that although a marvelous promise had indeed been made to Israel (as has been indicated; see p. 313), that promise was never meant to be realized in the entire nation but only in the true Israel.

The thought expressed here is essentially the same as that found in Rom_2:28-29. Not in all the descendants of Abraham or of Israel was the covenant promise destined to be fulfilled but only in the hearts and lives of those who by God’s grace would repose their trust in him and strive to obey his will out of gratitude. See Gen_15:6; Gen_17:1-2, Gen_17:9; Deu_30:2-3, Deu_30:9-10; 1Ki_8:47-50; Jer_18:5-10.

Moreover, in harmony with all this, the line of the covenant would run through Isaac. It was he who would be counted as Abraham’s seed, in whom the covenant promise would be fulfilled. The true seed was Isaac, not Ishmael. Similarly, it was Jacob, not Esau (Rom_9:13). Cf. Gal_3:9, Gal_3:29.

It is important to point out that although the statement “For not all who are of Israel are Israel” is cast in a negative mold, the positive implication is, “There is, indeed, a true Israel. God’s rejection of Israel is not total or complete.” His word has not failed and never will fail. The remnant will be saved (verse Rom_9:27). He who puts his faith in Christ will not be put to shame (verse Rom_9:33).

God’s people are here called “the children of the promise,” a strikingly beautiful designation! Their spiritual birth was due not to anything residing in them but entirely to God’s covenant promise. It was the promise that gave them birth! They “were born not of blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man, but of God” (Joh_1:13), a fact exemplified clearly in the story of the birth of Isaac, to which reference is made.

- William Hendriksen

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